In 2026, Africa’s public health efforts remain focused on cholera, measles, and mpox, as recent data highlights varying trends in transmission across the continent. While some regions report declines, others face renewed increases in cases.
Cholera: Persistent Threat, Mixed Progress
Cholera continues as one of Africa’s most widespread health crises. By epidemiological week 15, 15 countries reported 35,048 cases and 750 deaths. Recent data reveals a divided trend: Burundi, Nigeria, and Angola saw rising cases over the past three weeks, with Nigeria alone recording over 300 new infections. Conversely, countries like the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Mozambique, and Somalia reported declining numbers.
Despite these reductions, the overall impact remains severe. The DRC and Mozambique account for roughly 80% of cases, with the DRC contributing the majority of fatalities. Displacement, flooding, and inadequate access to clean water and sanitation, especially in conflict zones, continue to fuel transmission.
Measles: High Burden, Ongoing Spread
Measles remains a significant cause of illness and death, with 72,544 cases and 549 fatalities reported across 21 countries this year. The outbreak is heavily concentrated, with the DRC accounting for about 70% of cases and 95% of deaths. This reflects low vaccination rates, population displacement, and limited healthcare access.
Case numbers across Africa have remained relatively stable compared to previous years, indicating persistent transmission rather than widespread expansion.
Mpox: Declining but Still Active
Mpox activity has significantly decreased compared to 2025, yet transmission persists in multiple countries. In epidemiological week 15, 1,016 suspected and 157 confirmed cases were reported, with 15 countries still classified as active. Madagascar, Kenya, and Guinea accounted for approximately 80% of confirmed cases in the past six weeks.
Emerging Health Concerns
Beyond these ongoing outbreaks, health authorities are monitoring new threats. In Cameroon, a pertussis outbreak has been confirmed, with 120 suspected cases and limited testing. Vaccination coverage for the third dose of the pentavalent vaccine was just over 54% in early 2026.
In Burundi, an undiagnosed illness cluster has raised alarms. Thirty-eight cases and five deaths have been reported, with a case fatality rate of approximately 13%. Laboratory tests have ruled out major viral hemorrhagic fevers, and investigations are ongoing.
